This article will discuss genital warts and genital herpes, including the causes of these infections, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
Causes
Genital warts and genital herpes can be passed through direct skin-to-skin contact. However, they are caused by different viruses.
Genital Warts
Genital warts are a form of sexually transmitted infection. They are caused by a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV).
HPV is spread by direct physical contact with someone infected with HPV who has the virus on their skin. A person may have the virus on their skin even without the presence of visible warts.
It is commonly passed between people during vaginal or anal sex. In rare cases, it is also possible to be passed from person to person through oral sex.
You can get warts without having penetrative sex and when a condom is used, as not all the skin on the genital area is covered by a condom.
Herpes
Genital herpes is highly contagious, even without symptoms and before a blister or sore has appeared. It is caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV).
Like genital warts, genital herpes can be passed between people through skin-to-skin contact with an area of the body that is infected.
This can occur through:
Oral sexAnal sexVaginal sex
Genital herpes can also be passed on in other ways, including:
If a cold sore comes into contact with the genitalsSharing sex toys with someone infected with herpesThe infection being transferred via fingers to the genitals
It is not possible to be infected with herpes via casual contact through cutlery or cups, as the virus does not live long when not on the skin.
Symptoms
Genital warts and genital herpes can cause various symptoms in the genital area and elsewhere in the body. But both of these STIs can go unnoticed as in some people, they don’t cause any symptoms.
Genital Warts
Genital warts may not always be visible to the eye. In some cases they can be so small you can’t see them.
Genital warts may appear the same color as your skin and be raised or flat. They may also have an appearance that resembles the top part of a cauliflower. These warts are usually painless.
For females, genital warts can be located:
On the skin outside and nearby the vagina On the skin outside and nearby the anus Inside the vagina Inside the anus On the cervix
For males, genital warts may appear:
On the scrotumOn the thighsOn the penisOn the groinAround the skin of the anusInside the anus
Though rare, sometimes genital warts are accompanied by other symptoms. These may include:
Itching of the genital areaBleeding from the vagina during or following sexAn increase in vaginal dischargeAn increased dampness in the area of the genitals where the warts are located
Herpes
In many cases, most people won’t realize they have genital herpes as they won’t experience any symptoms. Some people can develop symptoms within weeks of being exposed to HSV.
Symptoms may include a group of lesions that are similar in appearance to blisters or ulcers. They may burst and leave a red sore. The lesions may be painful and may feel like they are burning.
These lesions might occur on the:
ThighsButtocksVaginaVulvaPenisScrotumAnus
Prior to lesions being visible, a person with genital herpes may experience a tingling or burning feeling in the area where a lesion will soon develop. They may also experience itching or irritation in the area of the genitals.
Along with lesions in the lower part of the body, genital herpes may be accompanied by other symptoms, including:
Difficulty urinatingFeverPainful jointsBlisters on the mouthBlisters on the lipsHeadacheSwollen groin lymph nodes (usually tender)
Diagnosis
Testing for genital warts follows a different process than testing for genital herpes.
Symptoms to look out for include:
Blisters or open sores on the genital area, buttocks, thighs, or anusAn itch or burning in the genital areaPainful urinationUnusual vaginal dischargeGrowths or lumps in the genital or anal areaChange in the direction of the flow of urine (e. g. , sideways)
Genital Warts
Genital warts are diagnosed by a healthcare provider examining them. In some cases, a healthcare provider may take a small sample from the wart and send it for testing at a lab.
Herpes
A healthcare provider can diagnose herpes through a physical examination if lesions are present. Testing for genital herpes may be recommended if:
A person has symptoms in their genitals that could be associated with herpesIf a person wants a complete STI examIf a person has or had a partner with genital herpes
Testing for herpes usually involves taking a swab of an active lesion and sending it to the lab for what is called HSV nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT). If this isn’t available, then viral culture can be done.
In some cases, such as if there are continued symptoms without a confirmatory NAAT or viral culture, a blood test for HSV antibodies called serologic testing can help make the diagnosis.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) does not recommend testing people for herpes who don’t have symptoms of genital herpes.
Treatment
Genital warts cases don’t always require treatment, but treatment options are available. Genital herpes can’t be cured, but treatment focuses on symptom reduction and stopping the virus from spreading to others.
Genital Warts
Although treating genital warts isn’t always necessary since they may resolve on their own, treatment lessens the chance of passing warts to someone else and may make vaginal delivery easier in the case of pregnancy.
Treatment options vary based on the location of the warts and how big they are. Some options include:
Removing warts using a knife, wire, electricity, laser, or freezingUsing chemicals to get rid of wartsPrescription cream
Herpes
Genital herpes can’t be cured. Medications may be used to help reduce symptoms. Antivirals can shorten the length of outbreaks of herpes or prevent them from occurring. These drugs can also lower the risk of spreading herpes to others.
Prevention
Steps can be taken to reduce the risk of contracting genital warts or genital herpes.
Genital herpes can be transferred to parts of the body like the eyes. Genital herpes can lead to complications in pregnancy, including miscarriage or early delivery.
Herpes may also be passed vertically, meaning from the pregnant person to the fetus, before birth or during delivery. This can be dangerous and lead to an infection called neonatal herpes. This condition can be fatal to the infant.
To lower the risk of genital herpes:
Don’t share sex toys. If choosing to share sex toys, always wash them and put a condom on them. Don’t have anal, oral, or vaginal sex if you or your partner have tingles that could indicate an outbreak of herpes is on the way. Don’t have anal, oral, or vaginal sex if either your partner or you have sores or blisters. Use a condom or dental dam any time you have oral, anal, or vaginal sex (but note it is still possible for herpes to be transferred even with a condom).
To lower the risk of genital warts:
Don’t share sex toys. If choosing to share sex toys, put a condom on them before use. Don’t have sex if undergoing treatment for genital warts. Always use a condom or dental dam (but note that it is still possible to be infected if the virus is on skin not covered by the condom or dental dam).
Genital warts may be diagnosed by an examination by a healthcare provider. In some cases, genital herpes may be diagnosed through a swab of the lesion or a blood test. Genital warts can resolve without treatment, but treatment options that include prescription creams and wart removal are available. There is no cure for genital herpes but antivirals may shorten or prevent outbreaks and prevent spread.
A Word From Verywell
Dealing with a sexually transmitted infection can be embarrassing or uncomfortable, but you are not alone. If you think you may have genital herpes or genital warts, or have a sexual partner who may have genital herpes or warts, consider making an appointment with a healthcare provider for advice.
Genital herpes can’t be cured, but antivirals can lessen the length of outbreaks and reduce the chance of spreading them to others.
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